Eco-consciousness to eco-consumption: unraveling the drivers of sustainable consumption behavior under the mediated-moderated Model.

The impact of climate change has malformed the world's ecosystem, thus making humans call for environmental protection. Climate change, the biggest trauma of the twenty-first century, has made humans switch towards natural consumption. In this regard, the growing phenomenon of industrialization has spurred consumers to invest more in ecological products. Consuming eco-friendly products has several benefits; however, countries are still unable to satisfy the consumer's concern for the environment. The current study presents literature on environmental concerns, psychological well-being, willingness to pay for pro-environmental products, pro-environmental self-identity, and pro-environmental consumer behavior, which are required to ensure the consumer's organic behavior. The research used a questionnaire-driven methodology to gather data from 379 participants. Data analysis was conducted using statistical software packages, specifically SPSS (Version: 4.1.0.0). The suitability of the measurement model was evaluated through structural equation modeling (SEM), which was performed utilizing the SmartPLS. According to the research findings, there is a positive relationship between variables in the study, and individuals with greater levels of psychological well-being are more likely to engage in behaviors that promote sustainable consumption. In order to foster more sustainable consumption patterns in society, policymakers, marketers, and educators may find these findings to be valuable insights. As a result of its empirical exploration of these relationships, the study contributes to the growing body of literature on environmental psychology and sustainable marketing, emphasizing the important role psychological factors play in promoting a greener environment.

Leveraging and exercising caution with ChatGPT and other generative artificial intelligence tools in environmental psychology research.

Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) is an emerging and disruptive technology that has attracted considerable interest from researchers and educators across various disciplines. We discuss the relevance and concerns of ChatGPT and other GAI tools in environmental psychology research. We propose three use categories for GAI tools: integrated and contextualized understanding, practical and flexible implementation, and two-way external communication. These categories are exemplified by topics such as the health benefits of green space, theory building, visual simulation, and identifying practical relevance. However, we also highlight the balance of productivity with ethical issues, as well as the need for ethical guidelines, professional training, and changes in the academic performance evaluation systems. We hope this perspective can foster constructive dialogue and responsible practice of GAI tools.

Building on muscles: how built environment design impacts modern sports science.

Sports science focuses on enhancing athletes' performance, requiring a multifaceted approach. It is evolving from a purely muscle-centred approach to an interdisciplinary one. This paper investigates built environment design science, a dimension less explored in relation to enhancing athlete performance in sports science. The discussion is divided into three categories: athlete-centric training built environment design, enhanced fan and community engagement, and improved integrative accessibility. The study also identifies future research directions, including evidence of the relative impact of the built environment, financial aspects, and performance evaluation methods. Collaboration between sports scientists and scholars in urban design, parks, transportation, landscape architecture and environmental psychology is necessary to advance this topic further.

Subjective walkability perceived by children and adolescents living in urban environments: A study protocol for participatory methods and scale development in the WALKI-MUC project.

BACKGROUND: Youth's perceptions of a city or neighbourhood's walkability are important for determining the physical activity (PA) friendliness of their environment. Traditional objective measures of walkability fail to incorporate children and youth's (CY) subjective perceptions of places that they perceive as supportive for play and exercise. Internationally, the most promising subjective measure is the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale for Youth (NEWS-Y) questionnaire. Yet, the NEWS-Y is not available for German-speaking adolescents. In the WALKI-MUC project, a combination of participatory research methods is used to identify CY's perceptions of PA-friendly places in Munich, Germany. Based on the findings, a German version of the NEWS-Y (NEWS-Y-G) for subjective walkability measurement is developed. METHODS AND DESIGN: CY aged six to 17 years from neighbourhoods with different objectively-measured walkability, take part in photovoice, walking interviews and mapping to gather their perceptions of PA-friendly places. The participatory study begins with an introductory workshop and concludes with a follow-up workshop, where characteristics of PA-friendly places are discussed in focus groups. In between these workshops, participants complete a photo mission with a walking interview, allowing for individual significance of PA-related places to be shared in a one-on-one setting with the researcher. The findings are used to adapt and translate the NEWS-Y for the German context. The newly developed NEWS-Y-G is then used to measure the subjective walkability perceived by a representative sample of adolescents in Munich. DISCUSSION: The WALKI-MUC project introduces a participatory methodology for researchers and urban planners to assess subjective walkability with CY. The combination of qualitative and quantitative walkability measurements is described in this study protocol. Findings on PA-friendly places contribute to environmental psychology and the development of the NEWS-Y-G adds a German-language instrument for subjective walkability measurement.

Toward a Future Orientation: A Supportive Mental Health Facility Environment.

BACKGROUND: The provision of supportive environments is essential in clinical and environmental psychology. Mental health disorders are a major issue, and the experience of being at a mental health facility is affected by numerous factors related to the building's design. AIM: The aim of this study is to explore the expectations of a mental health facility planning group regarding the potential impact of a supportive design on patients' mental health and staff's therapeutic practices when planning and designing a new mental health facility. METHODS: The new mental health facility is a case study and data were collected through qualitative in-depth interviews with nine participants and analyzed using a thematic analysis. The participants came from a mental health facility planning group in a new mental health facility in Norway. RESULTS: The overall expectation of the new building was related to a future orientation to support patients' mental health and therapeutic practices. Three main themes were identified: toward a future orientation, supportive building design, and work environment. CONCLUSIONS: Supportive environments are expected to influence patients' mental health and staff's therapeutic practices, including providing options for novel treatment needs in contrast to older and more outdated buildings that are perceived as hindering appropriate treatment conditions.

Social media insights into spatio-temporal emotional responses to COVID-19 crisis.

The Coronavirus pandemic has presented multifaceted challenges in urban emotional well-being and mental health management. Our study presents a spatio-temporal sentiment mining (STSM) framework to address these challenges, focusing on the space-time geography and environmental psychology. This framework analyzes the distribution and trends of 6 categories of public sentiments in Shanghai during the COVID-19 crisis, considering the potential urban spatial influencing factors. The research specifically draws on social media data temporally coinciding with the spread of COVID-19 and the pre-trained language model RoBERTa-wwm-ext to classify public sentiment, in order to characterize the distribution and trends of dominant urban sentiment under the influence of epidemic at different phases. The interactions between urban geospatial features and sentiments are further modelled and explained using LightGBM algorithm and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) technique. The experimental findings reveal the subtle yet dynamic impact of the urban environment on the long-term spatial variation and trends of public sentiment under the epidemic, with green spaces and socio-economic status emerging as significant factors. Regions with higher permanent population consumption demonstrated more positive sentiments, underscoring the significance of socio-economic factors in urban planning and public health policy. This research offers the most extensive analysis to date on the influence of urban characteristics on public sentiment during Shanghai's epidemic life cycle also lays the groundwork for applying the STSM framework in future crises beyond COVID-19.

Thalassophilia and marine identity: Drivers of 'thick' marine citizenship.

Changing humanity's relationship with the ocean is identified as one of ten key challenges in the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030). Marine citizenship is one potential policy approach for reducing anthropogenic harms to the ocean and promoting ocean recovery, and there is a need to better understand marine citizenship motivating factors and their interactions. To contribute to a more holistic understanding, we approached this problem using an interdisciplinary, mixed methodology, which prioritised the voices and experiences of active marine citizens. An online survey and semi-structured interviews were conducted to examine factors spanning environmental psychology (values, environmental identity) and human geography (place attachment and dependency). Our data uncovered a unique marine place attachment, or thalassophilia, which is a novel conceptualisation of the human capacity to bond with a type of place beyond human settlements or defined localities. It is the product of strong emotional responses to the sensorial experience of the ocean and shared social or cultural understanding of ocean place identifications. A key driver of deeper marine citizenship is marine place dependency, and it is positively influence by stimulation and non-conformity values, environmental identity, and thalassophilia. We map significant motivating factors to identity process theory and describe a novel marine identity concept. We propose this as an operational mechanism of marine citizenship action, potentially filling the value- and knowledge-action gaps in the context of marine environmental action. This research provides a cornerstone in marine citizenship research by analysing together in one study a multitude of variables, which cross human-ocean relationships and experiences. The identification and characterisation of thalassophilia and marine identity process theory will enable research and practice to move forwards with a clearer framework of the role of the ocean as a place in environmental action.

Exploring mechanisms affecting environmental risk coping behaviors: evidence from China.

Environmental risk issues pose a threat to human life and well-being. In order to reduce environmental risks, environmental risk response strategies have become increasingly vital. As the group most affected by environmental risks, the public environmental risk coping behaviors affect the effectiveness of environmental risk management. However, the public adoption of such behaviors mainly depends on their willingness. Therefore, the key to effective governance lies in guiding the public to voluntarily adopt appropriate environmental risk coping behaviors. The theory of environmental psychology provides relevant references for this. The internal psychological motivations of the public (including attitudes and subjective norms etc.) affect their choices of environmental risk behavior. The main purpose of this research is to explore the determinants underlying environmental risk coping behaviors using extending the theory of planned behavior by additional constructs (trust, risk perception, interaction satisfaction). The research applies a questionnaire survey method to collect data from the public living in the vicinity of two locations in China-an industrial area and a waste incineration plant in a Chinese city. The result of SEM shows that the public's trust in governments has a positive influence on the intention to collaborate, while the public's trust in the government and enterprises is negatively correlated with their intention to engage in confrontational behavior. Also, there is a positive correlation between confrontational intention and confrontational behavior, while the intention to cooperate may not necessarily result in collaborative behavior. Risk perception is not related to trust and the intention to collaborate, but it positively affects the intention to confront. The reason for the public to willingly take collaborative actions is not because they have perceived a high level of risk, and the public's high trust in the government can enhance their intention to take collaborative actions. It is thus clear that government credibility plays an important guiding role in public risk responsive behavior. The research findings provide policy recommendations for guiding public environmental risk coping behavior.

Examining the Relationship between Individualism and Pro-Environmental Behavior: The Moderating Role of Social Cohesion.

Combining Hofstede's cultural dimensions, value-belief-norm theory, and social exchange theory, this study explores the impact of individualism and social cohesion on pro-environmental behavior (PEB) as well as the moderating role of social cohesion in the individualism-PEB link in the context of Korean society. Using the 2021 Korean General Social Survey and multiple linear regression analyses, we found that individualism is negatively related to PEB, whereas social cohesion is positively related to PEB. Further analysis showed that social cohesion attenuates the negative relationship between individualism and PEB. Our findings suggest that although individuals with high levels of individualism are less likely to perform PEB than those with a high level of collectivism, social cohesion is a valuable community resource that encourages them to engage in eco-friendly activities even when they seek to achieve person-oriented goals and pursue their own interests. The implications and contributions of these findings regarding environmental psychology are discussed.

Landscape Preference: The Role of Attractiveness and Spatial Openness of the Environment.

To live a healthy lifestyle, urban residents need contact with nature and restoration in a natural environment. Environmental psychology has investigated the types and features of natural environments that could be optimal for restoration. Using a sample of undergraduates from the Czech Republic, the present study explored whether attractive and open natural environments are liked more and perceived as more restorative than unattractive and closed environments. Furthermore, this study explored which spatio-cognitive dimensions and emotional qualities of the environments are associated with the liking and perceived restoration of the environments. It was found that attractive and open environments were liked significantly more and had a significantly higher level of perceived restoration than attractive closed environments, but in the nonattractive environments, the openness of the environments had no significant effects on liking and perceived restoration. Although we only found a significant contribution of the spatio-cognitive dimension of mystery to liking and perceived restoration, emotional qualities of the environment were a good predictor for the liking and perceived restoration of natural environments. The effects of the aesthetic qualities of images and the photographic techniques used should also be considered. The results are discussed in connection with the fact that preference for attractive landscapes may lead to an underestimation of the value of ordinary nature in neighborhoods.

Data collected to assess the effect of inquiry-based learning on environmental knowledge and attitudes among pre-service biology teachers in Tanzania.

The proliferation of global environmental problems has necessitated the need to re-examine the environmental impacts caused by human-nature relations. Yet individual attitudes and environmental literacy remain among the critical determinants of environmental sustainability. Consequently, environmental psychology has been one of the most effective tools for shaping people's actions in favor of the environment. As such, this article presents a dataset that describes an intervention carried out to explore the effect of inquiry-based learning on shaping environmental attitudes (EAs) and knowledge of pre-service biology teachers in selected teacher colleges (TCs) in Tanzania. Data were collected from four TCs located in four different regions of Tanzania (N = 333). Particularly, EAs were measured using the two-factor model of ecological attitudes (2-MEV) by assessing two uncorrelated domains of environmental attitudes: Preservation and Utilization of nature. In addition, a Competence Model for Environmental Education was used to measure the three dimensions (system knowledge, action-related knowledge, and effectiveness knowledge) of environmental knowledge among pre-service biology teachers. A modified design of the Solomon four-group was employed to guide the intervention in measuring the level of change in EAs and environmental knowledge before and after the study intervention. A paired-sample t-test was used to assess the effect of the intervention on TCs that had pre- and post-tests, given the variation in the number of subjects in each TC. In addition, the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) compared the mean scores of the combined study groups at the post-test. Besides, in the regression analysis, Hayes' PROCESS macro (version 4.1) was used to assess the moderation effect of the Social Desirability Responding (SDR) on the relationships between EAs and environmental knowledge. Likewise, age (in years) was entered as a covariate in the regression model of the Statistical Product and Service Solution (IBM SPSS version 25). The presented dataset can act as a basis for improving the status of environmental education delivery in teacher education in Tanzania and other areas with similar or related contexts. Thus, program-specific interventions could be designed for prospective biology teachers as potential change agents in shaping how people interact with the environment.

The Role of Social Norms and Personal Costs on Pro-Environmental Behavior: The Mediating Role of Personal Norms.

Background: Pro-environmental behavior necessitates individuals to make personal sacrifices, such as spending more money on environmentally-friendly products to benefit the environment. Realistically, individuals may not be willing to engage in pro-environmental behavior based self-interest. The increase in personal pro-environmental behavior has become an urgent issue in the field of environmental psychology. Purpose: The present study adopted green consumption paradigm to explore the internal mechanisms of pro-environmental behavior at different personal costs, the role of social and personal norms on pro-environmental behavior, which can promote individual pro-environmental behavior. Methods: In our experiment, participants first were instructed to read texts unrelated and related to social norms in sequence. Participants subsequently completed the product choice task, which involved making choices between buying green (eco-friendly) products or cheaper (self-interested) common products, a method to measure pro-environment behavior. Finally, the participants completed the personal norms scale and social norms check. Results: The findings of present study indicated that pro-environmental behavior decreased as personal costs increased. However, social norms effectively promoted individuals' pro-environmental behavior, and personal norms played a mediating role at high personal costs. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that individuals tend to choose cheaper common products that are harmful to the natural environment in self-interest. However, we discuss the implications for the use of social norms as a social marketing technique, which extends the Norm Activation Model.

The Role of Sound on Spirituality in Religious Environments and Islamic Architecture by Using EEG.

This present study aims to investigate the effects of the sound pressure level on mosque users' brain waves in the interior of the Nasir al-Mulk mosque in Shiraz. The research hypothesis is based on the fact that the sound pressure level is significantly related to the spiritual sense in the environmental psychology of the mosque. According, in the first step, a survey method is applied, the population of experts is formed, and sound characteristics are ranked using a questionnaire and Friedman's test. Next, the sound pressure level, which obtained the top rank, is selected to be tested and examined. In the second step, using a laboratory method and a brain wave recording device, 6 sound intensities indices were simulated and prepared in the software to carry out the test. The sound used in the present study is "Adhan" since the case study is an Islamic mosque. The test was done in the laboratory and a quiet room. To do the tests, the subjects were asked to sit and the sound was played through headphones for them. The 360-degree image of the mosque was shown to the subjects through virtual reality glasses, and finally, the data obtained from the brain waves recorded by special devices are prepared for review and analysis. The general results of the first step showed that among the characteristics of sound that are effective in creating/enhancing the spiritual sense in the architecture of mosques, sound pressure level obtains the highest score, followed by sound concept, the amplitude of sound, sound quality, sound source, and sound type, respectively. Also, the general results of the analysis of users' brain waves in the second part showed that sound pressure level (40-45 dB) is the most effective level in creating/enhancing a spiritual sense in the Nasir al-Mulk Mosque in Shiraz.

Comparing time focus with time importance for measuring future time perspectives in the context of pro-environmental values and outcomes.

Introduction: In the area of environmental psychology, time and the temporal perspective have often been used as an overarching framework to explain or predict environmental outcomes. This study aims to introduce a new Time Importance Scale (TIS) based on the attitude strength theory and to assess its nomological validity in comparison with the more established Temporal Focus Scale (TFS) in the context of consumers' willingness to pay more for environmentally friendly products. The new TIS scale is short and simple to manage. Method: The study proposes competing plausible structural models testing alternative relationships between future time perspective (FTP) and environmental values using a nationwide representative survey sample of 633 Norwegians. Results: The results confirm the convergent and discriminant validity of the new TIS scale. However, the direct association between the TIS scale and willingness to pay for environmentally friendly products is weak or non-significant depending on the alternative models used to validate the nomological validity. Discussion: The new TIS scale provides evidence of a possible causal chain, FTP → environmental values → willingness to pay, with strong associations between the present TIS and hedonic values and between the future TIS and biospheric values. Environmental values are activated by FTP. In most cases, the new TIS outperforms the established TFS in nomological validity. Future research should validate our findings in experimental trials to demonstrate more substantial causal relationships.

To participate or not? Research on second-hand apparel recycling intention under the guidance of environmental psychology.

The apparel industry, one of the largest manufacturing industries in the world, generates a large amount of solid waste. It is necessary to reduce excessive apparel consumption in order to reduce waste of the apparel industry. This study takes China as an example to explore the residents' second-hand apparel recycling intention (SARI). Purchasing second-hand, renting and swapping apparel are comprehensively defined as second-hand apparel (SA) recycling. Then, the influence of six environmental psychological factors on SARI is explored, including environmental concern (EC), trust in social media (TSM), consumer innovativeness (CI), face consciousness (FC), perceived consumer effectiveness (PCE) and subjective norm (SN). In this study, 348 valid questionnaires are collected, and structural equation model is used to process the data. The results show that EC, CI and PCE have no significant effect on SARI. SN and TSM positively promote SARI, while FC has a negative effect. The results are expected to provide in-depth insights to further understand and improve the SARI of residents in emerging economies from the environmentally psychological level.

Flow Experiences in Shopping Activities: Testing Materialistic Goal Orientation as an Antecedent.

Given that flow experiences when shopping can encourage positive brand attitudes and purchase behaviours, consumer psychologists are interested in the antecedents to flow within retail environments. Emerging findings suggest that a materialistic goal orientation can undermine an individual's tendency to have optimal experiences of flow. However, this existing work has been conducted largely within the field of Environmental Psychology and thus focused on flow experiences that occur in more ecologically sustainable activities. We hypothesized that materialism may not have the same flow-limiting effects when participants are engaged in shopping activities, which are more in line with the goals of highly materialistic individuals. Across two studies, we tested the relationship between materialism and the experience of flow during shopping activities using cross-sectional (N = 886) and experimental (N = 140) methods. Contrary to our hypothesis, both studies documented a negative effect of materialism on flow experiences when shopping, and this was not moderated by the type of store browsed. Accordingly, it appears that a materialistic goal orientation limits the extent to which people can have enjoyable flow experiences even during activities which are consistent with the life goals of highly materialistic individuals. We discuss the implications of these findings for wellbeing, marketing, and sustainability.

"Recupere a Lagoa": análise barthesiana de imagens pós-desastre na Lagoa da Conceição/SC / "Recover Lagoa": barthesian analysis of postdisaster images in Lagoa da Conceição/SC / "Recuperar Lagoa": análisis barthesiano de imágenes pos-desastre en Lagoa da Conceição/SC

INTRODUÇÃO: No dia 25 de janeiro de 2021 ocorreu o rompimento de uma das barragens da Companhia Catarinense de Águas e Saneamento (CASAN) para depositar esgoto tratado, atingindo 50 famílias de Florianópolis/SC. OBJETIVO: Esse artigo visa interpretar imagens capturadas por atingidos pelo desastre ambiental da Lagoa da Conceição/SC. CAMPO: a pesquisa se sucedeu na localidade afetada - Rua Servidão Manoel Luiz Duarte, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. MÉTODO: Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa do tipo pesquisa-ação a partir de um corte transversal. Utilizou-se a técnica fotografando ambientes, em sequência, a análise semiótica de imagens desenvolvida por Barthes e a Teoria das Representações Sociais (TRS) para auxiliar na interpretação dos dados. RESULTADOS: Os signos apresentados nas imagens capturadas foram: 1) punhos erguidos fechados um símbolo comumente utilizado em campanhas na busca por direitos igualitários e resistência; 2) mensagens enfáticas utilizando termos como "réu", "culpa" e "crime", referindo-se a CASAN; 3) símbolos e personalidades políticas como forma de pressionar autoridades competentes e agilizar o processo de retorno às suas vidas. Entende-se que mesmo passado um ano do desastre, as pessoas atingidas ainda lutam e discutem com a CASAN em busca do ressarcimento integral e justo dos seus direitos. CONCLUSÃO: A comunidade ainda está se recuperando do desastre, passando por uma reconfiguração. Porém, diante dessa tragédia, a comunidade enquanto grupo se fortaleceu em decorrência dos movimentos sociais realizados pelo bem comum dos afetados. Portanto, em meio ao caos, formaram uma rede de apoio com um objetivo: recuperar (parte) do que lhes foi tirado.

INTRODUCTION: On January 25, 2021, one of the dams belonging to the Companhia Catarinense de Águas e Saneamento (CASAN) to deposit treated sewage broke, affecting 50 families in Florianópolis/SC. OBJECTIVE: This article aims to interpret images captured by people affected by the environmental disaster at Lagoa da Conceição/SC. FIELD: The research took place in the affected location - Rua Servidão Manoel Luiz Duarte, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. METHOD: This is a qualitative action-research study based on a cross-section. The technique of photographing environments was used, in sequence, the semiotic analysis of images developed by Barthes and the Theory of Social Representations (TRS) to assist in the interpretation of the data. RESULTS: The signs shown in the captured images were: 1) closed raised fists, a symbol commonly used in campaigns seeking equal rights and resistance; 2) emphatic messages using terms such as "defendant", "fault" and "crime", referring to CASAN; 3) political symbols and personalities as a way of putting pressure on competent authorities and speeding up the process of returning to their lives. It is understood that even one year after the disaster, the people affected are still fighting and discussing with CASAN in search of full and fair compensation for their rights. CONCLUSION: The community is still recovering from the disaster, undergoing a reconfiguration. However, in the face of this tragedy, the community as a group was strengthened as a result of social movements carried out for the common good of those affected. Therefore, in the midst of chaos, they formed a support network with one goal: to recover (part of) what was taken from them.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El 25 de enero de 2021, una de las represas de la Companhia Catarinense de Águas e Saneamento (CASAN) para depositar aguas residuales tratadas se rompió, afectando a 50 familias en Florianópolis/SC. OBJETIVO: Este artículo tiene como objetivo interpretar imágenes captadas por personas afectadas por el desastre ambiental en la Lagoa da Conceição/SC. CAMPO: la investigación se realizó en el local afectado - Rua Servidão Manoel Luiz Duarte, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. MÉTODO: Se trata de un estudio cualitativo de investigación-acción basado en un corte transversal. Se utilizó la técnica de fotografiar ambientes, en secuencia, el análisis semiótico de imágenes desarrollado por Barthes y la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales (TRS) para auxiliar en la interpretación de los datos. RESULTADOS: Los signos mostrados en las imágenes capturadas fueron: 1) puños cerrados en alto, símbolo comúnmente utilizado en campañas de igualdad de derechos y resistencia; 2) mensajes enfáticos utilizando términos como "acusado", "culpa" y "delito", refiriéndose a CASAN; 3) símbolos y personalidades políticas como una forma de presionar a las autoridades competentes y acelerar el proceso de retorno a sus vidas. Se entiende que aún después de un año del desastre, las personas afectadas siguen luchando y discutiendo con CASAN en busca de una compensación plena y justa por sus derechos. CONCLUSIÓN: La comunidad aún se está recuperando del desastre, pasando por una reconfiguración. Sin embargo, ante esta tragedia, la comunidad como grupo se fortaleció como resultado de los movimientos sociales realizados por el bien común de los afectados. Por eso, en medio del caos, formaron una red de apoyo con un objetivo: recuperar (parte de) lo que les fue arrebatado.